- Brief notes on sources appear in the text as citations, providing immediate source information without interrupting the flow of the manuscript. A parenthetical citation is set off at the end of a sentence by parentheses.
- The usual format, which refers to the work and the overall ideas of the work as a whole, requires only the last name of the author(s), editor(s), or translator(s) and the year of publication (n.d. if there is not date, forthcoming if it is forthcoming).
- The terms ed. or eds. and trans., which are abbreviated in the reference list, are omitted from parenthetical citations.
- No comma should be placed between the last name and the year of publication.
- The page numbers can be cited as either inclusive or nonconsecutive page numbers.
- No comma should be placed between the last name and the year of publication, but a comma should be placed after the year before page or chapter numbers (APSA 2018, 41-42).
(Collins 2021) (Collins n.d.) (Collins 2021, 42) (Collins n.d., 51-52)
- With two or three authors, cite all names each time. Use and, not an ampersand (&). For four or more, use et. al.
(Collins and Jones 2021) (Collins, Maxx, and Jones 2021, 42)
- When multiple sources are cited together, they are included in the same parentheses, but separated by semicolons. They should be alphabetized.
(Collins 2021; Simoun 2018; Ynarez 2015)
For more detailed information on the formatting, please visit APSA Style Manual : Parenthetical Citations.
