APA Referencing Guide

The American Psychological Association (APA) does not always offer formatting guidelines that suit business sources. The formatting guidelines on this page adhere to the general principles of APA style and the advice from BC ELN’s APA for business sources guide.  

The resources listed here are the most commonly used business sources at the NU. For more comprehensive guidance, see the BC ELN guide.

Please also consult other APA 7th edition resource guides to assist with creating and verifying your citations. Here are some recommended sources:

• Official APA Style guide site with tutorials and FAQs.
• If you need help citing an unusual source or a sample paper, check out the official APA style blog.

Journal article with DOI

Aubert, C., & Reynaud, A. (2005). The impact of regulation on cost efficiency: An empirical analysis of Wisconsin water utilities. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 23(3), 383–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123-005-2216-8

Journal article without DOI (without or with URL)

Cuddy, C. (2002). Demystifying APA Style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42.

Posner, E. A. & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Should greenhouse gas permits be allocated on a per capita basis?. California Law Review. 97(1), 51-94. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=2759&context=journal_articles

Magazine or trade publication article

Cernivec, S. (2014, April). The heart of beer: Specialty malts add variety to craft beer. Beverage Industry, 105(4), 54. http://www.bevindustry.com/

Newspaper article

Harding, R. (2014, June 30). The productivity puzzle. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/

Data

Bloomberg L.P. (n.d.). [Amazon.com inc. quarterly financial statement analysis, 2016Q1 - 2018Q2 in USD] [Data set]. Retrieved March 15, 2018 from NU Bloomberg terminal.

Notes:

• Bloomberg does not provide a date when the data was last updated; in this case, just indicate that there is no date, but provide a date of retrieval.
• In most cases, you will have to create a descriptive title containing key variables your reader would need to use to find the same resource. Include such a created title in square brackets, not italicized.

Individual author

Moskowitz, M., & Kim, M. (2014, March 5). IBM: The answer is Watson. What is the newest part of IBM's big data/analytics growth engine? [J.P. Morgan North America Equity Research report]. Retrieved from NU Bloomberg terminal.

Country report

IHS Economics and Country Risk. (2016, February 29). Country reports: Mexico.

SWOT analysis

Marketline. (2016, January 14). Company profile: TELUS Corporation.

Note:

• You should not name or include a link to the databases for common academic databases such as those produced by Ebsco, ProQuest and other common databases (see APA Style guide).

Data

International Monetary Fund. (n.d.). Government finance selected indicators: Albania. In International Financial Statistics (IFS). Retrieved June 10, 2016 from http://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=60998109

Country report 

International Monetary Fund. (2024). Republic of Kazakhstan: 2023 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Republic of Kazakhstan [Country report]. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/

Data

Bureau van Dijk. (April 27, 2017). [Latest operating revenue for active, publicly-listed companies with headquarters in British Columbia][Data set]. https://orbis.bvdinfo.com/

GlobalData Company Report

GlobalData. (2015). GoldCorp Inc. (G) - financial and strategic SWOT analysis review. Orbis. https://www.globalcompanyintelligence.com

MarketLine Industry Report

MarketLine. (2016, January). MarketLine industry profile: Metals & mining in Canada. Orbis. https://www.marketline.com

Morningstar Stock Report

Inton, K. (2016, April 7). Morningstar equity analyst report: GoldCorp Inc. G (XTSE). Orbis. https://www.morningstar.ca

Report

Euromonitor International. (2019, July). Wine in Canada - analysis: Country report. Passport. Retrieved August 27, 2020 from https://www.euromonitor.com

Data sets

Euromonitor International. (n.d). Market sizes [Wine and fine wines/champagne and spirits, Canada, 2014-2019] [Data set]. Retrieved June 23, 2020 from https://www.euromonitor.com

Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resistance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment (Publication No. 10289373) [Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin - Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Statista. (2020, November). Alcoholic drinks report 2020. https://www.statista.com

Statista. (n.d.). Beer Market in Canada. Retrieved June 16, 2020 from https://www.statista.com/

Washington Post. (2020, June 4). Rate of fatal police shootings in the United States from 2015 to June 2020, by ethnicity (per million of the population [Data set]. Statista. https://www.statista.com

Note: Omit the Database Name if the author and database name are the same.

Examples on this page are based on the Business Resource APA Citation Guide -- a project of the Business Librarians of BC   licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License